{"id":7328,"date":"2025-12-01T08:30:21","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T00:30:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/?p=7328"},"modified":"2025-12-01T08:31:40","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T00:31:40","slug":"tool-steel-material-properties-grades-comparison-and-specifications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/tool-steel-material-properties-grades-comparison-and-specifications\/","title":{"rendered":"Tool Steel Material Properties Grades Comparison and Specifications"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Explore comprehensive tool steel material properties with detailed grades, chemical composition, hardness, heat treatment, and application guides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"314\" src=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-1024x314.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7329\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-1024x314.png 1024w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-300x92.png 300w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-768x235.png 768w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-18x6.png 18w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1.png 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quick Comparison Table: Top Tool Steel Grades<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here\u2019s a snapshot of the most popular tool steel grades used across industries. This quick guide covers their key properties, typical hardness, and main applications\u2014helping you pick the right material fast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Grade (AISI)<\/th><th>Common Name<\/th><th>DIN\/EN Equivalent<\/th><th>Key Properties<\/th><th>Typical Hardness (HRC)<\/th><th>Main Applications<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>D2 (High Carbon, High Chromium)<\/td><td>1.2379<\/td><td>Excellent wear resistance, good toughness<\/td><td>58\u201362<\/td><td>Blanking, cold work dies, punches<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A2<\/td><td>A2 (Air Hardening)<\/td><td>1.2363<\/td><td>Balanced toughness and wear resistance<\/td><td>56\u201360<\/td><td>Blanking, forming, medium-run tooling<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>O1<\/td><td>Oil Hardening<\/td><td>1.2510<\/td><td>Good machinability, decent wear resistance<\/td><td>55\u201362<\/td><td>Guards, jigs, cutting tools<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H13<\/td><td>Hot Work Tool Steel<\/td><td>1.2344<\/td><td>Great thermal fatigue resistance, toughness<\/td><td>48\u201353<\/td><td>Hot forging dies, extrusion dies<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M2<\/td><td>High-Speed Steel (HSS)<\/td><td>1.3343<\/td><td>High hardness, wear resistance, moderate toughness<\/td><td>62\u201367<\/td><td>Cutting tools, drills, milling cutters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S7<\/td><td>Shock-Resisting Tool Steel<\/td><td>1.2310<\/td><td>Superior impact and toughness<\/td><td>54\u201360<\/td><td>Cold work tools, chisels, punches<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>P20<\/td><td>Plastic Mold Steel<\/td><td>1.2311<\/td><td>Good polishability, corrosion resistance<\/td><td>28\u201332 (pre-hardened)<\/td><td>Plastic injection molds<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.2344<\/td><td>Tool Steel (Hot Work)<\/td><td>1.2344<\/td><td>Excellent hot hardness, wear and thermal fatigue resistance<\/td><td>50\u201354<\/td><td>Hot stamping, die casting tools<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a0cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a0cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>High-Speed Steel (HSS):<\/strong>\u00a0cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a0cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a0cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Knowing these classifications helps you pick the right steel for your application, whether you need wear resistance, heat tolerance, or impact strength. For more insights into machining and design, check out our guide on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/comprehensive-guide-to-helix-angle-for-machining-and-gear-design\/\">helix angle for machining and gear design<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Mechanical &amp; Physical Properties Explained<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding the key mechanical and physical properties of tool steel is vital to selecting the right grade for your application. Here\u2019s a straightforward breakdown of what matters most:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hardness &amp; Wear Resistance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hardness defines a tool steel\u2019s ability to resist deformation and scratching. Grades like D2 and M2 are known for their high hardness (usually above 60 HRC), offering excellent wear resistance\u2014ideal for cutting, punching, or forming tools that face constant abrasion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Toughness &amp; Impact Resistance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Toughness is about how well the steel handles shocks without cracking. Shock-resisting grades such as S7 excel here, providing durability under sudden impact, while hot work steels like H13 combine toughness with heat resistance, perfect for forging and extrusion dies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Machinability<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Some tool steels, like O1 and A2, are easier to machine in their annealed state, helping save time and costs during initial shaping. High-speed steels (M2) and air-hardening grades are typically tougher to machine but offer longer tool life after heat treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dimensional Stability after Heat Treatment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tool steels must maintain shape and size after hardening to ensure precision. Grades like A2 and P20 are prized for their good dimensional stability, making them favorites for molds and dies where tight tolerances are critical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Thermal Fatigue Resistance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For tools exposed to repeated heating and cooling cycles, like hot work steels H13 and 1.2344, thermal fatigue resistance prevents cracks and extends tool life by enduring thermal shock stresses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Corrosion Resistance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>While many tool steels aren\u2019t corrosion-resistant by default, some grades like modified 420 stainless steel, and D3 or D6, offer improved resistance to rust and oxidation, a must for tools exposed to moist or corrosive environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By balancing these properties with your specific needs\u2014whether you need wear resistance, toughness, or corrosion protection\u2014you can confidently choose the tool steel that delivers optimal performance. For detailed information on heat treatment and best machining practices of these steels, consider exploring our comprehensive&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/ultimate-guide-to-fastening-solutions-for-industrial-strength-and-durability\/\">tool steel heat treatment guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Detailed Grade-by-Grade Technical Data Sheets<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/mmexport1644215231936-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/mmexport1644215231936-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/mmexport1644215231936-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/mmexport1644215231936-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/mmexport1644215231936.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">tool steel material properties<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>When selecting tool steel, understanding detailed technical data for each grade is key. This includes international designations, chemical makeup, physical and mechanical properties, heat treatment guidelines, hardness ranges, and typical applications. We also stock large sizes and various forms like round bars, flats, plates, and blocks to suit your project needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">International Designations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Grade (AISI)<\/th><th>DIN\/EN<\/th><th>JIS<\/th><th>GB<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>1.2379<\/td><td>SKD11<\/td><td>GCr12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A2<\/td><td>1.2363<\/td><td>SKD12<\/td><td>GCr12Mo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>O1<\/td><td>1.2510<\/td><td>SKS3<\/td><td>9CrWMn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H13<\/td><td>1.2344<\/td><td>SKD61<\/td><td>CrMoV<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M2<\/td><td>1.3343 \/ 1.3243<\/td><td>SKH51<\/td><td>W18Cr4V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S7<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>P20<\/td><td>1.2311<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chemical Composition Snapshot (%) \u2014 Example for D2 and H13<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Element<\/th><th>D2<\/th><th>H13<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>C<\/td><td>1.5\u20131.6<\/td><td>0.32\u20130.45<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cr<\/td><td>11.5\u201313<\/td><td>4.75\u20135.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mo<\/td><td>0.7\u20131.2<\/td><td>1.1\u20131.75<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>V<\/td><td>0.9\u20131.4<\/td><td>0.8\u20131.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mn<\/td><td>0.3<\/td><td>0.2\u20130.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Si<\/td><td>0.3<\/td><td>0.8\u20131.2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Physical Properties<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/th><th>D2<\/th><th>H13<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Density (g\/cm\u00b3)<\/td><td>7.6<\/td><td>7.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Thermal Conductivity (W\/m\u00b7K)<\/td><td>19<\/td><td>28<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE, \u00b5m\/m\u00b7\u00b0C)<\/td><td>11.3<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)<\/td><td>210<\/td><td>205<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Grade<\/th><th>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/th><th>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>55<\/td><td>60-62<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A2<\/td><td>55<\/td><td>58-60<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>O1<\/td><td>40<\/td><td>58-62<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H13<\/td><td>25<\/td><td>48-52<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M2<\/td><td>36<\/td><td>63-65<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S7<\/td><td>28<\/td><td>50-56<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>P20<\/td><td>22<\/td><td>30-36<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Step<\/th><th>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/th><th>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quenching<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a0cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a048-52 HRC (excellent for hot work applications)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M2:<\/strong>\u00a0Up to 65 HRC (high-speed steel)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S7:<\/strong>\u00a050-56 HRC (shock resistance)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typical Applications + Industry Examples<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a0Cutting tools, dies for blanking, shear blades<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>A2:<\/strong>\u00a0Punches, forming dies, gauges<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>O1:<\/strong>\u00a0General-purpose tooling, jigs, dies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a0Hot forging dies, extrusion tooling, die casting molds<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M2:<\/strong>\u00a0High-speed drills, taps, milling cutters<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S7:<\/strong>\u00a0Impact tools, heavy-duty punches, cold chisels<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>P20:<\/strong>\u00a0Plastic injection mold bases and cores<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stock Sizes &amp; Forms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We supply wide ranges:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Round bars:<\/strong>\u00a0Diameters from 1\/4\u2033 to 12\u2033+<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Flat bars:<\/strong>\u00a0Thicknesses from 1\/8\u2033 to 4\u2033+<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plates:<\/strong>\u00a0Up to 6\u2033 thick and large surface dimensions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Blocks:<\/strong>\u00a0Custom cut sizes available<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Our substantial inventory ensures quick turnaround for your tooling projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For additional insights into steel types used in tooling and their benefits, you might find helpful information in our guide comparing cast materials with aluminum alloys used in tooling applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>This detailed grade-by-grade data will help you precisely match your project requirements with the right tool steel, verified by international standards and backed by tested mechanical and physical properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tool Steel Selection Guide: Pick the Right Grade for Your Application<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Choosing the right tool steel grade depends heavily on your specific application. Here\u2019s a quick decision matrix to help you match the best steel type with common uses like blanking, forming, extrusion, injection molding, and forging dies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/th><th>Recommended Grades<\/th><th>Key Reasons<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Blanking<\/strong><\/td><td>D2, A2, O1<\/td><td>High wear resistance, good toughness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Forming<\/strong><\/td><td>A2, O1, S7<\/td><td>Balanced hardness &amp; toughness, shock resistant<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Extrusion Dies<\/strong><\/td><td>H13, 1.2344 (DIN), M2<\/td><td>Excellent thermal fatigue resistance, hot work capability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong><\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong><\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong><\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong><\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cURL Too many subrequests.\u00a0<strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a0cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cURL Too many subrequests.\u00a0<strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>\u00a0cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High Heat Applications?Go with\u00a0<strong>H13 or M2<\/strong>, built to handle hot work &amp; thermal fatigue.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Machinability &amp; Surface Finish?<strong>P20 and 420 modified<\/strong>\u00a0offer good finishes for molds with some corrosion resistance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dimensional Stability After Heat Treat?Consider\u00a0<strong>1.2311 pre-hardened<\/strong>\u00a0steels for easier machining and minimal distortion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This matrix helps simplify the complex selection process, but remember heat treatment and surface coatings will further influence tool performance. For injection molding specifics, check out our detailed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/low-volume-injection-moulding-guide-for-cost-effective-small-batch-parts\/\">low volume injection molding guide<\/a>&nbsp;for best practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By matching tool steel grades to your needs, you\u2019ll extend tool life and get better part quality with less downtime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Heat Treatment of Tool Steel \u2013 Best Practices<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Heat treatment is key to unlocking the full potential of tool steel material properties. Properly done, it ensures ideal hardness, toughness, and wear resistance for your application. Here\u2019s a straightforward guide to best practices, tempering curves, and common pitfalls to avoid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step-by-Step Heat Treatment Guidelines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PreheatingHeat the tool steel gradually to around 1,200\u00b0F\u20131,400\u00b0F (650\u00b0C\u2013760\u00b0C) to reduce thermal shock and minimize distortion. Preheating helps prevent cracking during higher temperature treatments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Austenitizing (Hardening)Raise the temperature to the steel\u2019s austenitizing range (typically 1,700\u00b0F\u20132,100\u00b0F or 925\u00b0C\u20131,150\u00b0C, depending on grade). Hold long enough for uniform heating\u2014usually 20\u201340 minutes per inch of thickness. Use oil, air, or gas quenching based on the steel type (e.g., H13 is air-hardened; D2 requires oil quenching).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>QuenchingRapid cooling locks in the hard microstructure. The method varies:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Oil quenching<\/strong>\u00a0for grades like D2 and O1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Air quenching<\/strong>\u00a0for air-hardening steels like A2 or H13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gas or vacuum quenching<\/strong>\u00a0for clean, distortion-free parts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>TemperingTemper immediately after quenching to reduce brittleness. Tempering temperatures typically range from 350\u00b0F to 1,100\u00b0F (175\u00b0C to 600\u00b0C), depending on desired hardness and toughness. Repeat tempering (double or triple) is common for stable properties. Use tempering curves specific to the steel grade to target the right balance of hardness and toughness.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Understanding Tempering Curves<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tempering curves plot hardness against tempering temperature. They show how hardness drops as you increase heat, revealing a sweet spot where toughness improves without too much hardness loss. For example, D2 tool steel might drop from HRC 62 at low tempering to HRC 58 at moderate tempering\u2014ideal for many die applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common Heat Treatment Pitfalls to Avoid<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Skipping Preheat:<\/strong>\u00a0Leads to cracking and distortion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Wrong Quench Medium:<\/strong>\u00a0Using air instead of oil on steels needing oil quench can cause incomplete hardening.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Overheating During Austenitizing:<\/strong>\u00a0Excessive temperature causes grain growth, reducing toughness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Insufficient Tempering:<\/strong>\u00a0Leaves tools brittle, prone to cracking during use.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tempering at Too High a Temperature:<\/strong>\u00a0Causes excessive softening, reducing wear resistance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Following these best practices ensures your tool steels deliver peak performance, long life, and reliable results. For tailored heat treatment advice on grades like H13 or M2, consulting a detailed tool steel heat treatment guide is highly recommended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For machining and precision work, consider pairing heat-treated steels with advanced processes described in our&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/mastering-horizontal-milling-machines-guide-for-precision-and-efficiency\/\">mastering horizontal milling machines guide for precision and efficiency<\/a>&nbsp;to achieve optimal final results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Grade<\/th><th>Cutting Speed (SFM)<\/th><th>Feed Rate (IPR)<\/th><th>Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>0.002 \u2013 0.005<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A2<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>O1<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H13<\/td><td>80 \u2013 150<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M2<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S7<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>P20<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>Pre-hardened grade, easy to machine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.2344 (H13 equivalent)<\/td><td>80 \u2013 150<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>Widely used hot work steel<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Note: Always use flooded coolant or appropriate lubrication to reduce heat and tool wear during machining.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Grinding Parameters<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Grade<\/th><th>Wheel Type<\/th><th>Wheel Speed (RPM)<\/th><th>Downfeed (IPR)<\/th><th>Dressing Interval<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>CBN (cubic boron nitride)<\/td><td>3000 \u2013 3500<\/td><td>0.0002 \u2013 0.0005<\/td><td>Frequent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A2<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>2500 \u2013 3000<\/td><td>0.0003 \u2013 0.0006<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>O1<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>2500 \u2013 3000<\/td><td>0.0004 \u2013 0.0008<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H13<\/td><td>CBN \/ Aluminum Oxide<\/td><td>3000 \u2013 3500<\/td><td>0.0003 \u2013 0.0007<\/td><td>Frequent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M2<\/td><td>CBN<\/td><td>3000 \u2013 3500<\/td><td>0.0002 \u2013 0.0005<\/td><td>Frequent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S7<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>2500 \u2013 3000<\/td><td>0.0003 \u2013 0.0007<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>P20<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><td>2500 \u2013 3000<\/td><td>0.0004 \u2013 0.0008<\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Using CBN wheels is preferred for hard grades like D2 and M2 for faster removal and cooler grinding.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">EDM Parameters (Electrical Discharge Machining)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tool Electrode Materials:<\/strong>\u00a0Copper or graphite, depending on precision and surface finish needed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pulse On Time:<\/strong>\u00a0Short pulses (10-30 \u00b5s) for fine finishes; longer pulses (50\u2013100 \u00b5s) for roughing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Discharge Current:<\/strong>\u00a03\u201315 amps for fine machining; up to 30 amps for rougher cuts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Servo Feed Rate:<\/strong>\u00a0Moderate to high feed rate to maintain spark gap; adjust to avoid arcing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dielectric Fluid:<\/strong>\u00a0Use deionized water or specific EDM fluids for effective debris removal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>EDM is ideal for complex or hard-to-machine tool steel shapes, especially for hard grades like H13 and M2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Optimizing your cutting speeds, feeds, grinding setups, and EDM settings based on tool steel grade will extend tool life and improve efficiency. For practical machining insights, check our guide on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/cnc-milling-guide-precision-machines-and-process-overview\/\">CNC milling and precision machine processes<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Surface Treatments &amp; Coatings for Extended Tool Life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/tool-steel-material-properties-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/tool-steel-material-properties-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/tool-steel-material-properties-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/tool-steel-material-properties-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/tool-steel-material-properties.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To get the most out of your tool steel materials, surface treatments and coatings play a vital role in boosting durability and performance. These processes help reduce wear, improve hardness, and protect against corrosion or heat damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PVD Coatings (TiN, TiAlN, CrN)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coatings like Titanium Nitride (TiN), Titanium Aluminum Nitride (TiAlN), and Chromium Nitride (CrN) are popular options. They provide a hard, thin layer that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Increases wear resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduces friction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhances heat resistance, especially important for high-speed steels like M2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improves tool lifespan in demanding applications such as stamping, forming, and cutting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/tolerance-allowance-explained-a-complete-guide-to-engineering-fits\/\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.&nbsp;<strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>&nbsp;cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.&nbsp;<strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>&nbsp;quality management standards, which means the manufacturing process follows strict guidelines for reliability and traceability. This helps reduce variability and boosts confidence in the product\u2019s performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Compliance with&nbsp;<strong>ASTM and AISI standards<\/strong>&nbsp;is another critical factor. These standards define accepted chemical and mechanical properties for tool steel grades, making it easier for manufacturers and engineers to select the right material for specific applications \u2014 whether it\u2019s cold work, hot work, or high-speed tool steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want peace of mind for your projects, always check for certified steel supplies that back their product with full mill test reports and meet these recognized standards. This approach helps you avoid surprises and ensures your production process runs smoothly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stock Availability &amp; Custom Cutting Services<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We keep a broad inventory of popular tool steel grades in various sizes ready for immediate delivery, providing you with quick turnaround times when you need it most. Whether you\u2019re looking for round bars, flat bars, plates, or blocks, chances are we have the right size in stock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our custom cutting services include precise sawing, milling, and grinding to match your exact project requirements. This means you get clean, ready-to-use pieces that save you time and effort before machining or heat treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Available Stock Sizes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Round bars: typically from small diameters up to large-size stocks<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flat bars and plates: multiple thicknesses and widths<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blocks: for heavy-duty or prototype tooling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Custom Processing Services:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sawing:<\/strong>\u00a0Accurate sectional cuts with minimal burrs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Milling:<\/strong>\u00a0Tight dimensional tolerances for complex shapes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Grinding:<\/strong>\u00a0Surface finishes and precise thickness control<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>With our local cutting and processing options, you avoid shipping delays and get tailored tool steel materials quickly. This is especially important for time-sensitive tooling jobs or when working with high-demand grades like D2, H13, or M2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to optimize your machining setup, understanding different tooling types and heads can enhance productivity \u2014 check out our detailed guide on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/different-types-of-drill-bit-heads-guide-with-uses-and-tips\/\">different types of drill bit heads<\/a>&nbsp;to help plan your operations better.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019re here to ensure your tool steel order fits your specifications perfectly and arrives promptly to keep your production moving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FAQs About Tool Steel Properties<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are answers to some common questions we get from users about tool steel properties to help you make the right choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/th><th>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>What\u2019s the difference between D2 and A2?<\/strong><\/td><td>D2 is higher in carbon and chromium, giving better wear resistance but less toughness than A2, which is easier to machine and more impact-resistant.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Is H13 air-hardening?<\/strong><\/td><td>No, H13 is a hot work tool steel that typically requires oil or gas quenching. Air hardening is usually for grades like A2 or S7.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>What\u2019s the max working temperature for M2?<\/strong><\/td><td>M2 can handle around 1100\u00b0F (593\u00b0C) before losing hardness, making it great for high-speed cutting tools.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Which grade offers the best toughness?<\/strong><\/td><td>Shock-resisting steels like S7 have superior toughness to resist impact and shock loads.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Can D2 rust easily?<\/strong><\/td><td>Yes, D2 has moderate corrosion resistance due to its high chromium but it can still rust if not maintained properly.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>What is the typical hardness range for O1?<\/strong><\/td><td>O1 usually achieves from 57 to 62 HRC after heat treatment.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Is P20 suitable for plastic molds?<\/strong><\/td><td>Yes, P20 is commonly used for plastic mold tooling due to good machinability and decent wear resistance.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>How to choose between cold work and hot work tool steel?<\/strong><\/td><td>Use cold work steels like D2 or A2 for room temperature tools, and hot work steels like H13 for high temperature applications.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong><\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong><\/td><td>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/engineering-fit-guide-types-tolerances-and-selection-explained\/\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.&nbsp;<strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>&nbsp;cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.&nbsp;<strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>&nbsp;cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.&nbsp;<strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong>&nbsp;cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cURL Too many subrequests.&nbsp;<strong>how to measure a screw thread accurately with calipers and gauges<\/strong>&nbsp;to maintain quality standards throughout manufacturing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Get Your Tool Steel Quote Today<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ready to find the perfect tool steel grade for your project? Request a fast, no-obligation quotation now! Whether you need D2, H13, M2, or any other popular grade, our team is here to help you choose the right material with the right specs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For instant material recommendations, you can also reach out via live chat, WhatsApp, or email. We\u2019ll guide you through grades, heat treatment options, and delivery details so you get exactly what you need\u2014on time and on budget.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Don\u2019t wait\u2014contact us now and get started with top-quality tool steel for your application!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore comprehensive tool steel material properties with detailed grades, chemical composition, hardness, heat treatment, and application guides. Quick Comparison Table: Top Tool Steel Grades Here\u2019s a snapshot of the most popular tool steel grades used across industries. This quick guide covers their key properties, typical hardness, and main applications\u2014helping you pick the right material fast. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[1615,1526,961,445,959,286],"class_list":["post-7328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-stainless-steel","tag-d2-a2-h13-m2","tag-hardness","tag-heat-treatment","tag-machining","tag-tool-steel","tag-wear-resistance"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7328"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7332,"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7328\/revisions\/7332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vast-cast.com\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}